A technological combination of lead-glaze and calcium-glaze recently found in China: Scientific comparative analysis of glazed ceramics from Shangyu, Zhejiang Province.

To study the relationship between the glazed pottery from southern China and the lead-glazed pottery in northern China in the Han Dynasty (202BC-220AD), 34 samples unearthed from Shangyu(), Zhejiang Province have been studied by LA-ICP-AES, SEM/EDS and XRD. The results showed that these samples included the typical lead-glazed pottery, the proto-porcelain and the glazed pottery using both lead and calcium as glaze fluxing agents. Previously, the lead-glazed pottery type was considered as the main northern products during the Han dynasty while the calcium-glazed pottery type or the proto-porcelain was the representative of the south of China. However, apart from the two typical types above, a new variety of glaze categorized as the calcium-lead glaze was discovered in the samples from Shangyu. This indicates that there were technology exchanges and amalgamation of lead-glaze and calcium-glaze between the south and the north during the Han Dynasty. As a result, a new type of glazed potteries with both features was created, which had a more beautiful appearance than the proto-porcelain but perhaps had some undesirable aspects. The manufacturing process of the new variety might also lay foundations for the invention of celadon.

Ceramics.

For more than 30 years, Compendium has provided its readers with university-based continuing education and editorial, demonstrating the latest advances in clinical procedures and techniques. Using the same peer-reviewed format and influence/direction from Compendium's distinguished editorial board, Special Report provides insight on the latest advances in product technologies and the resulting benefits to both you and your patients. A discussion by the author on new clinical/laboratory research and product development strategies, as well as what the results could mean for dental treatment, also is included. Focusing on one product category per issue provides a detailed review of the category and a comprehensive resource to help guide your treatment planning process.

Archaeological evidence for dental innovation: an eighteenth century porcelain dental prosthesis belonging to Archbishop Arthur Richard Dillon.

During archaeological investigation by Gifford of St Pancras Old Church burial ground, on the eastern edge of Somers Town, London, in advance of construction of the new London terminus for the Channel Tunnel Rail Link, a full porcelain denture was discovered. The high quality porcelain dentures, manufactured in the late eighteenth century French style, may have been brought with their owner, Archbishop Arthur Richard Dillon, on his journey into exile. There is evidence of prolonged use, not only for cosmetic or vocal functions but also in mastication. The dentures are unique archaeological artefacts and represent a pivotal time in dental history, with the adoption of new materials and methods of manufacture. They reflect a period of significant social and economic change for the upper echelons of French society. This paper outlines the development of porcelain dentures, discusses the prosthesis, their owner, and a possible provenance.

[Dental ceramics: its history and development]. / La céramique dentaire: son histoire et son développement.

This article presents an historical background of dental ceramics. It synthesises the evolution of such material and its technical improvements from the stone-age to our time. Focusing on the importance of dental aesthetics, it shows the investigations realised to upgrade the prosthetic results.

[From a hippopotamus tooth to a porcelain tooth]. / Van nijlpaardtand tot porseleinen tand.

The history of dentistry is written as if thousands of years of obscurity were followed by a couple of hundred years of enlightenment. The turning point was the work of the Father of Modern Dentistry Pierre Fauchard (1678-1761). But historically speaking this notion of progress has theoretical and practical disadvantages. In this article a practical example is given, that of porcelain. The production developed completely in the times of obscurity and only a simple pharmacist just saw the possibilities of the result in dentistry.

A historical perspective of synthetic ceramic and traditional feldspathic porcelain.

UNLABELLED: Ceramics were invented by the Chinese during the T'ang Dynasty, where they quickly became a precious commodity. By the early 18th Century, ceramics found its way into dentistry due to its high strength, biocompatibility, and malleability. Today, ceramic materials are a staple in dentistry, available in both naturally based and partially synthetic formulas. Most recently they have become available as quartz-glass synthetic materials manufactured under controlled conditions to eliminate the inconsistencies and impurities inherent in the naturally based counterpart. LEARNING OBJECTIVES: This article details the discovery of porcelain and its role as a precious substance throughout the world and time, from its initial use as ornamental earthenware to its practical application in modern dentistry. Upon reading this article, the reader should: Understand the historical significance of porcelain. Recognize the fundamental constituents and physical properties of both natural feldspathic porcelains and fully synthetic ceramics used in dentistry.

[Pharmacists as pioneers in porcelain production: what the service, Flora Danica owe to the Bordeaux's apothecary Marc-Hilaire Vilaris]. / Pharmaciens pionniers de la production de porcelaine: ce que le service Flora Danica doit à l' apothicaire bordelais Marc-Hilaire Vilaris.

In 1766, The Bordeaux's apothecary Marc-Hilaire Vilaris (1719-1792) identified with certainty a kaolin's deposit at Saint-Yrieix, in the country of Limousin, allowing so the porcelain manufacture in France and the development of a china clay's and porcelain's dough trade. Archives documents give evidence of regularly supplies of limousin's raw materials by the pharmacist Frantz Heinrich Müller (1732-1820), Director of the Royal china's Manufactury of Denmark, some time before production of the famous table service Flora Danica.

Dr. Newell Sill Jenkins: progenitor of cosmetic dentistry.

Dr. Newell Sill Jenkins was one of the pioneer American dentists who took "American dentistry" to Europe. Among his patients were Composer Richard Wagner, and among his friends, Author Mark Twain. He treated some of the crown head of Europe, and yet found time to participate in organized dentistry and conduct research in cosmetic dentistry. He was the father of the porcelain revival in both Europe and America. Unfortunately, Jenkins' Legacy as the chief proponent of cosmetic dentistry in the late 19th and early 20th centuries has been largely ignored by dental historians. In a 20-year period (1896 to 1916), Jenkins published 32 articles in the dental literature on the esthetic advantages of porcelain fillings. It is time to give Jenkins his just recognition.

Restauraçöes cerâmicas estéticas e próteses livres de metal: as novas alternativas possibilitadas pelas novas porcelanas / Ceramic restorations and metal-free prostheses: the new alternatives with the new porcelains

Este artigo visa desmistificar e classificar de forma objetiva os sistemas cerâmicos utilizados em restauraçöes livres de metal. Cada sistema é mencionado de forma objetiva e sumarizada, onde procura-se abordar suas principais características, vantagens e desvantagens, propiciando com isso uma facilitada seleçäo e uso por parte do profissional. Dois casos clínicos (IPS Empress 2) säo mostrados de forma inicial e final para demonstrar o potencial estético e de resistência do sistema

History, development and clinical success of porcelain inlays.

The drive for alternative to amalgam as a restorative material is led by concerns about the safety of mercury within amalgam and also by aesthetic demands from patients. Early attempts to address these issues produced disappointing results in terms of performance from directly-placed resin composites in posterior teeth. While directly-placed posterior restorative materials have improved in recent years the indirect constructed inlay may more readily meet the functional requirements of premolar/molar teeth. This article seeks to review the history, development and clinical success of porcelain when used as an inlay material. A case is included to demonstrate the clinical application of this aesthetic technique and the author's personal recommendations.

Teeth white and fair.

Most dentists practicing today, in fact most dentists living today, accept porcelain, in one form or another, as a fundamental determinant of dental armamentarium. It must be remembered, however, that porcelain, in spite of some admonishments by the Chicken Littles, has not and is not about to fall like the sky. A great amount of purpose, intellect, and dedication proffered by porcelain's protagonists was the springboard that eventually led to near total acceptance of that product by dentists and the public they treated. Porcelain's introduction, however, was not accompanied by a professional unity that orchestrated its arrival with a blare of bugles and a ruffle of drums. Rather, the early proponents and opponents churned and swiped at each other for some decades. Teeth White and Fair recounts the origin, struggle, and growth of an early porcelain manufacturing company; the diversity of the men involved in the production of porcelain; the profession's dichotomy regarding the acceptance of porcelain; and the details of manufacture of that then embryonic dental product. Finally, the reader is given a peek at evolving cosmetic oriented materials that desire to garner ascension as valued players on the stages of cosmetic dental restorative materials.

Porcelain veneers.

The rise in popularity of the bonded porcelain laminate veneer has been nothing short of meteoric. Over the span of fifteen years, it has become the second most requested porcelain restoration in the United States. This article looks back at the short history of the bonded porcelain veneer and describes the most popular method for its fabrication.

The evolution of aesthetic restorative materials for inlays and onlays: a review.

Composite and ceramic restorations are well-accepted treatment modalities for anterior as well as posterior regions, and numerous systems are available. This article presents the historical development of tooth-colored restorations from their incipience in 1882 to the second generation laboratory composites of today. The causes of failures in the early ceramics are discussed, and the search to delineate the optimal qualities of ceramics is outlined, listing the improvements of each new generation. The inherent obstacle of ceramic brittleness is reviewed along with the specific requirements of preparation. The learning objective of this article is to present the development of tooth-colored restorations in a concise form and indicate the characteristics of the materials currently available.